ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\sf] sfnu0fgf cWoogsf] ;Gbe{ 

p7fg
uf]kfnj+zL, dlxifkfnj+zL, ls/ftj+zL, lnR5jLj+zL, dNnj+zL, zfxj+zL o'u x'Fb} g]kfn jt{dfg ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] o'udf cfOk'u]sf] ;j{ljlbt} 5 . g]kfnL ;Eoftfsf] ljhf/f]k0f / ljsf;sf] cf/De eg] ls/ftsfndf ;'? ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f …ls/ftx¿sf] zf;g g} g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] pTklQ sfn xf] .Ú eGg] afnrGb| zdf{sf] egfO -zdf{, k[= &&M @)##_ n] k'li6 ub{5 . uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLsf cg';f/ #@ k':tf -uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL, k[= @%–@%_, ss{k]l6«ssf cg';f/ @& k':tf -ss{k]l6«s, k[=@%(–@^)M!*!!_, e]lG;6f6{ (Vasittakt, p. 21:1906) / /fO6sfcg';f/ @( k':tf -zdf{, k[= ^$M@)##_ k|]daxfb'[/ dfa'xfªsf cg';f/ ## k':tf -;'Aaf / 9'ª\u]n, k[= $* / &%M@)$&_ sf ls/ft /fhfx¿n] zf;g u/] . oxfF pNn]lvt ;|f]x¿dWo] hol:ylt dNn -O{=;+= !#*@–!#(%, P]= j+zfjnL, k[= ii_ sf] /fHosfndf n]lvPsf] uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLnfO{ ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] k|df0f dflgG5 . 

ls/ftsfnLg ;Eotfdf g} g]kfnn] cfˆgf] df}lns cfly{s, ;fdflhs, snf, ;flxTo / wfld{s hLjgn] k"0f{ cfsf/ u|x0f ul/;s]sf] lyof] . 

ls/ft hflt -ofSvf, ;'gjf/, lnDa" /fO{ cflb_ n] klxnf ljleGg gfddf cfkm\gf] wd{ dflgNofPsf eP klg @)%* sf] hgu0fgfb]lv cfkm\gf] df}lns wd{sf] gfd …ls/ft wd{Ú eg]/ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf n]vfO{ :yflkt ul/;s]sf 5g\ . 

ls/ft ;Eoftfsf] csf]{ ljz]iftfsf] ¿kdf dflgNofOPsf] ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\nfO{ /fli6«o dfGotf lbnfpg' ls/ft ;d'bfosf] dg;'jf klg /x]s} 5 . o;sf nflu lxhf]sf] ;fdGtjfbL h~hL/af6 pGd'lSt kfPsf / cfhsf] ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds o'udf :jklxrfgsf nflu k"j{hsf lj/fzt\nfO{ k'gMp7fg u/L ls/ft ;d'bfox¿n] dflgNofPsf] ;+jt\nfO{ ;j{dfGo ljz]iftfx¿n] kl/k"0f{ ;+jt\sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/fpg k|oTg ug'{ ;dLrLt ;Tsfo{ xf] . o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\sf] ljljw cfofdsf af/]df ljzb 5nkmn eOcfPsf] xf] . 

cg'i7fg
ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\sf] k|of]u Pjd\ lj:tf/, To;af/]df cWoog tyf ax;, ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\sf] sfnu0fgfdfly ax; lsg / ;dfwfgsf] ;Gbe{df ePsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ 36gfx¿ pNn]v ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g]5 . 
s_ ;+jt\sf] k|of]u Pjd\ lj:tf/
•	k'ik yfD;'xfªn] l;|hª\uf dfl;ssf] jif{ !, cª\s &, @)#) y];]qmf] -sflt{s_ sf] k[i7 # df klxnf] rf]6L ls/ftL tª\a] -;+jt\_ -j}/fuL, tfG5f]Kkf, k[= #, df3 @)^$_ eg]/ k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;kl5 l;lSsdsf h;xfª dfb]gsf] kxndf clvn l;lSsd ls/ft lnDa" r'Dn'ª -s]Þ/Þ]Sn]Þg ;'lvd\ ls/ft ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª_ n] ;fFk jif{sf] ofSy'ª k~rfª\u -c;]s tª\a]nÞ]g\ ofSy'ª o]Þg\ng\_ cyf{t\ ofSy'ª o]Þn]Þ tª\a] %)$( -P]P]_ ;g\ !(*(–() df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . k'ik yfD;'xfªn] k|of]u u/]sf] ;+jt\sf] cfwf/ ljqmdlht x;/t\sf] g]kfnsf] Oltxf; (History of Nepal) -gj;dGjo jif{ !, cª\s $, @)^%, k[=#%_ cg';f/sf] sln ;+jt\ xf] eg] h;xfª dfb]gn] k|of]u u/]sf] ;+jt\ k|]daxfb'/ dfa'xfª / e"k]Gb|gfy 9'ª\u]n lnlvt ;+lIfKt g]kfnsf] Oltxf; -lj=;+= @)!!_ df pNn]lvt slnut ;+jt\ xf] . o;y{ oL b'O{aLrdf $) jif{sf] cGt/ /x]sf] 5 . xfn k|rngdf /x]sf] ;+jt\ k'ik yfD;'xfªn] k|of]udf NofPsf] ;+jt\ geO{ h;xfª dfb]gn] k|of]udf NofPsf] ;+jt\ xf] h'g cl3Nnf]eGbf $) jif{ h]7f] /x]sf] 5 . 
•	lj=;+= @)$* ;fndf ls/ft ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] sf7df8f}Faf6 ofSy'ª o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\ -%)%!–%@_ sf]  Sofn]G8/ lgsfn]kl5 ls/ft /fO{ ofof]Svf, ;'g'jf/ ;]jf ;dfh, ls/ft ofSvf 5'Ddfnufotsf ;+:yfx¿n] of] ;+jt\nfO{ qmdzM k|of]udf NofP / kl5Nnf] ;dodf o;sf] k|of]un] Jofkstf kfPsf] 5 .

v_ cWoog tyf ax;
•	@)%# df3 !& / !* ut] latf{df]8, emfkfdf ;DkGg ePsf] ls/ft ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª /fli6«o kl/ifb\sf] rf}yf] ;Dd]ngn] …on]Þ tª\j]sf] gofF jif{ lgwf{/0fÚ ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd ePsf] k|ult hfgsf/L u/fO{ cg';Gwfg qmd hf/L /fvL rfF8f] lgisif{df k'Ug] lg0f{o ul/of] -kfl/t k|:tfjx¿, k[=!@M@)^$_ egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 . 
•	8L=aL= cfª\a'ªn] ls/ft ;+jt\ / gj jif{sf] ;Gbe{ gfds n]vL kfnfd q}dfl;s, jif{ !, cª\s !, @)^!, df k|sflzt u/]sf 5g\ . 
•	/fh]z /fO{åf/f ;ª\slnt Pjd\ k|sflzt …ls/ftL nf]ssyf ;ª\u|xÚ -k[i7 **_ df  …ls/ftL P]n] ;Dat\sf] pTklQÚ eGg] nf]ssyf @)^@ df k|sflzt ePsf] 5g\ . 
•	k|f1 j}/fuL sfOFnfn] oÞ]nÞ] ;+jt\sf] k|of]u / lj:tf/sf] af/]df n]Vg'ePsf] n]v …ls/ftL ;+jt\b]lv o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\;DdÚ n]v tfG5f]Kkf klqsfsf] jif{ !#, cª\s !, df3 @)^$ df k|sflzt eof] . 
•	ls/ft ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª nlntk'/n] …o]Þn]Þ tªa] -onDa/ ;+jt\_ vf]h cWoogÚ zLif{ssf] k|:tfj @)^$ df tof/ u¥of] . ;f]xL k|:tfj @)^% df g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fgdf k]z u¥of] .
•	j}/fuL sfOFnfsf] n]vsf] cfwf/df gj;dGjo å}dfl;s klqsfn] @)^% df3 !* ut] …o]Þn]Þ ;Djt\ P]ltxfl;stf / ;d;fdlos ;Gbe{Ú ljifos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] . o;kl5 >[ª\vnfj4 ax;, 5nkmn, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljrf/ uf]i7L ;DkGg eP eg] tL k|lqmfoaf6 k|fKt lgisif{sf cfwf/df ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\nfO{ /fHoaf6 dfGotf lbnfpgsf nflu /fi6« k|d'v, ;/sf/ k|d'v, ;+ljwfg;efsf cWoIf, ;+:s[ltdGqL;Dd :d/0fkq, 1fkgkq, dfukq a'emfpg] sfo{x¿ eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] o;nfO{ ;fy{s ¿k lbgsf nflu d~h'n ofSy'Dafsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ls/ft ;d'bfosf a'l4hLjL tyf cu'jfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf bafa ;d"x klg u7g eO{ sfo{/t /x]sf] 5 . 

u_ ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\sf] sfnu0fgfdfly ax; lsg < 
ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\sf] sfnu0fgfdfly ax; x'g'sf w]/} sf/0fdWo] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f lgDgcg';f/ 5g\M
! gfddf Ps¿ktfsf] ;Gbe{M of] ;+jt\ k|of]u ubf{ sltkon] ls/ft ;+jt\, sltkon] ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\, sltn] Pn] ;+jt\ eg]/ k|of]u u/]sf] kfOof] . oxL ljljwtfnfO{ Ps¿ktf lbg] ;'ljrfl/t dg;fosf ;fy @)^% df3 !* ut] gj;dGjosf] kxndf …o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\M P]ltxfl;stf / ;d;fdlos ;Gbe{Ú ljifos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePkl5 To;nfO{ g} Pscfwf/ :tDesf] ¿kdf lnP/ k'gM gj;dGjo / d'Gw'd\ klAns];g\ k|f=ln=sf] cfof]hgfdf ldlt @)^^ ;fpg @^ ut] …o]Þn]ÞÚ ;+jt\;DaGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePkl5 ebf}+ @@ ut] a;]sf] ls/ft ;dGjo ;ldlt -ls/ft ofSvf 5'Ddf, ls/ft ;'g'jf/ ;]jf ;dfh, ls/ft ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª / ls/ft /fO{ ofof]Svf_ sf] a}7sn] …ls/ft ;+jt\, ls/ft Pn] ;+jt\, o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\Ú cflb ljljw gfddf k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] ;+jt\nfO{ pk/fGt …ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\Ú sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ;j{;Ddt lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] .  

@ sfn u0fgfM sfn u0fgfsf] cGof]ntfs} aLrdf o; cl3 /x]sf] csf]{ ;d:of eg]sf] ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\sf] ;DaGw s];Fu jf sf];Fu eGg] klg lyof] . h:tf] ls of] ;+jt\sf] ;DaGw ls/ft ;Eoftf;Fu xf] < Pnd\ -jh|frfo{ / dNn, k[= &#M !(*%_ ;Fu <, o]n'ª -ss{k]l6«s, k[=@%&M !*!!_ ;Fu < onDa -dfa'xfª==, k[= $*M @)$&_ ;Fu < of onDa/ -zdf{==, k[= ^$M @)##_ ;Fu < -gj;dGjo, k[ !^M@)^%_. o; ljifodf ca s'g} b'ljwf /x]sf] 5}g lsgeg] …ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\Ú gfddf k|of]u ePsf] …o]Þn]ÞÚ zAb k|yd ls/ft /fhf onDa/sf] :d[ltdf k|of]u ul/Psf] xf] . o;y{ …ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\Ú onDa/ cfkm}n] rnfPsf] ;+jt\ geO{ :d[lt ;+jt\ xf] .  oBlk ls/ft sfn u0fgfsf af/]df ljleGg Oltxf;sf/x¿df sxLst} Ps¿ktf /x]sf] kfOGg . o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f eg]sf] 7f];k|df0fx¿ gkfOg'sf ;fy} ls/ft Oltxf;af/]df ljzb ljZn]if0f gx'g' klg xf] . o;af/]df kfOPsf s]xL sfnu0fgfsf dtx¿ x]/f}FM  
–	h;xfª dfb]g -Oltxf;sf/ k|]daxfb'/ dfa'xfªsf] g]kfnsf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;_ sf cg';f/ slnut $) jif{nfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf xfnsf] ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\ %)&! jif{ x'g cfpF5 . 
–	k'ik yfD;'xfª -OGb|lht x;/tsf] g]kfnsf] Oltxf;_ cg';f/ slnjif{nfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\ %)#! x'g cfpF5 . 
–	xH;gn] u/]sf] j+zfjnLx¿sf] t'ngfTs cWoogaf6 ls/ft /fhf onDa/ O{k" #)(%–(^ lt/ /fhu2Ldf a;]sf] dfg]sf 5g\ . o; s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\ %!)*–& x'g cfpF5 -k|f=8f= hubLzrGb| /]UdL, k|frLg g]kfnsf] ;+lIfKt ls/ft Oltxf;, lj=;+= @)^^, k[=!!_.
–	Oltxf;sf/ afnrGb| zdf{n] pNn]v -g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vf, @)##, k[= &#_ u/] cg';f/ onDa/sf] zf;gsfn O{=k"= *$) eg] / o;nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\ @*%! x'g cfpF5 . oxfF Oltxf;sf/ zdf{n] /fhf onDa/nfO{ lht]bf:tLsf] ^ jf * k':tf cl3sf dfg]sf 5g\ / x/]s /fhsf] /fHosfn $) jif{ dfg]sf 5g\ . 
–	k|fWofks lbg]z/fh kGtsf] dtcg';f/ ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\ %!(! -#!@$ lj=k"=±@)^& lj=;+=_ of %##! -#@^$ lj=k"=±@)^& lj=;+=_ of %##% -#@^* lj=k"= ± @)^& lj=;+=_ x'gcfpF5 . of] d"ntM efiff j+zfjnLx¿sf] cfwf/df xf] . 
–	;+jt\ u0fgf ;DaGwL cGo k|Zgx¿M lxGb" bz{gsf] o'u -;To, q]tf, åfk/ / sln_ u0fgf slt j}1flgs 5 < lxGb" bz{gsf] o'u u0fgf g} ls/ft bz{gsf] klg o'u u0fgf xf] ls pgLx¿sf] df}lns bz{g / o'u u0fgf klg /x]sf] 5 < cyjf ls/ftsfnLg Oltxf;nfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] 7f]; / tYout Oltxf;;Fu hf]8\g ;lsG5  jf ls/ft sfnnfO{ M>'ltsfnLg Oltxf;af6 tYout Oltxf;df kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 < c1ft Oltxf; ePsfx? cfkm\gf] Oltxf; 5f]6\ofpg xf]Og nAofpglt/ nfU5g\ eGg] ljZjf; 5 . ls/ftx?n] ;f]xL ljZjf;nfO{ g} k'6 lbg] ls ;xL;nfdt Oltxf;sf] vf]hLdf nfUg] <

# k~rfª\u k2ltsf] ljsf;M ;g\, ljqmd ;+jt\, g]kfn ;+jt\ cflb ;+jt\x¿h:t} ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\sf] klg k~rfª\u ljsf; x'g' cfjZos / ck]lIft 5 . ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\sf] k~rfª\u lxGb" k/Dk/f cg';f/ r}qflb x'g] jf kf}iflb x'g] < of ;f}o{ k2lt jf rGb k2ltdf x'g] eGg] ;d:of ljåfgx¿aLrdf af/Daf/ p7\g] u/]sf] 5 . s]xL jif{cl3b]lv df3 ! ut]nfO{ gofF jif{ cf/De lbgsf] ¿kdf dflgb} cfPsf] 5 . of] kf}ifflb xf] / of] lxGb" k~rfª\u k2lb jf ;f}o{ k2lt cg';f/sf] k~rfª\u k2lt xf] . o;n] ls/ftx¿sf] df}lns bz{g / klxrfg af]s]sf] 5 t < cyjf afgL k/]sf] cfwf/df :yflkt lxGb" bz{g cg';f/sf] k~rfª\u af]s]/ tyfslyt df}lnstf / :jklxrfgsf] 7"nf7"nf s'/f ug]{ xf] < 

# ;/sf/L dfGotfM lnR5ljsfn g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df :j0f{o'usf] ¿kdf dflgg] u/]sf] 5 . of] :j0f{ o'usf] k"j{lkl7sf ls/ft sfn xf] lsgeg] ljsf; Revolution af6 xf]Og Evolution af6 dfq x'G5 . g]kfnsf] :j0f{ o'uLg lnR5ljsfnsf] k"j{lkl7sf ;Eotfsf] cf/De k|yd ls/ft /fhf onDa/n] u/]sf x'g\ . pg} onDa/sf] :d[ltdf rlncfPsf] ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\ ls/ft ;d'bfosf] ;f+:s[lt w'sw'sL xf] . o;y{ …ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\Ú nfO{ /fHon] dfGotf k|bfg ug'{ u0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ;dfj]zL l;4fGt cª\uLsf/ ug'{ dfq geO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf nfdf] zf;gsfn /x]sf] ls/ftsfnLg ;EotfnfO{ dfGotf lbg' / To; sfnv08sf] yk cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L xfd|} Oltxf;sf] hu alnof] agfpg' klg xf] h'g xfdLn] ljutdf ug{ ;s]sf lyPgf}F . t/ ;/sf/L dfGotfsf nflu csf6\o k|df0fx¿sf] k|:yfkgfsf cfwf/df cufl8 a9\g' clgjfo{ 5 . o;y{ ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\;Fu ;DalGwt gfos k|yd ls/ft /fhf onDa/sf] /fHo/f]x0fsfn klxrfg ug{sf nflu g]kfnsf] jt{dfg sfnv08df k|fKo /x]sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] dflgPsf] ;+jt\ -zs ;+jt\_ !)& a|fDxL lnlkdf n]lvPsf] hojdf{sf] d"lt{ -xfn /fli6«o ;ª\uxfnodf /x]sf]_ / hol:ylt dNn -O{=;+= !#*@–!#(%, P]= j+zfjnL, k[= ii_ sf] /fHosfndf n]lvPsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] dflgPsf] uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL -xfn /fli6«o clen]vfnodf /x]sf]_ nfO{ k|df0f dfGg'afx]s xfd|f] ;fd' csf]{ ljZjf;gLo / e/kbf]{ af6f] 5}g . uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL sfnsf lx;fan] ;a}eGbf h]7f] x'g'sf ;fy} ;+:s[t / zf:qLo g]jf/L efiffdf n]lvPsf] 5 eg] cGo efiff j+zfjnLx¿ ljut 8]9b'O{ ;o jif{sf] ;]/f]kmf]df v;g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf 5g\ . o;y{ ljZjf;gLotfsf] s;Ldf /fv]/ x]bf{ uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL cjZod]j cGo j+zfjnLeGbf a9Ldfqfdf t6:y / ljZjf;gLo x'g]df ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 . 

j}7fg
ls/ft o]Þn]Þ ;+jt\ sfn lgwf{/0fsf] ;dfwfg s] xf] t < 
jt{dfg cj:yfdf k|fKt P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ tYout k|df0fx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf e/kbf]{ / ljZjf;gLo cfwf/df 6]s]/ lg0f{o u/L cufl8 a9\g' / cg'/tl/t k|Zgsf nflu yk cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg hf/L /fVg' casf] Ps dfq ;'ud df6f] xf] . Oltxf;sf] k"0f{tfsf] s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g h:tf] ls s]xL jif{ klxnf;Dd g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df dfgjb]jsfnLg lznfn]vx¿ ;a}eGbf k'/fgf k|df0fx¿ lyP eg] cfh cfP/ sf7df8f}Fsf] dfnLufpFdf kfOPsf] hojdf{sf] d"lt{ ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] dfGg' k/]sf] 5 / ef]ln ls/ftsfnLg s'g} lznfn]v jf To:t} 7f]; k|df0f gkfOPnf eGg] s'g} cljZjfgLo cfwf/ 5}g lsg eg] ls/ft /fhx¿sf ;dsfnLg ;d|f6 czf]s, sf}l6No lgld{t sfo{s[ltx¿df sxLst} ls/ft /fhf jf ls/ft zf;gaf/]df 7f]; k|df0f ge]l6Pnf jf ls/ft /fhfx¿af/]df cGo s'g} ck]lIft 7f]; j:t'x¿ km]nf gknf{g\ eGg] 5}g h;/L hojdf{sf] d"lt km]nf k¥of] . t/ k|flKtsf] cgGt / clglZrt ;do s'/]/ xfdL a:g ;Sb}gf}F . xfd|f] ;fd' k|fKt ljZjf;gLo cfwf/ h] 5 To;sf] cfwf/df ;fd"lxs / ;d'lrt lg0f{o u/]/ cufl8 a9\g' xfd|f] nflu ;j{yf ;dLrLg st{Jo x'g cfpF5 .   
;f]jf/f] .. wGojfb .. 

k|:t'lt
ls/ft o]n] ;+jt\ cWoog ;dGjo ;ldltsf tkm{af6 
k|f1 cd/ t'Dofxfª